![]() Residence in the Hubei province was inversely related to poor sleep quality. This study also provides further support for the link between sleep quality and mental health related factors. Improved diet quality and increased daily exercise was strongly related to good sleep quality. Poor sleep quality was found to be associated with the presence of a COVID-19 diagnosis in a family member or friend, female gender, senior high school education level, as well as greater use of electronic devices. In a sample of 10,569 junior and senior high school adolescents aged 12–20 years, Zhai et al., (2021) explored factors associated with poor sleep quality during the covid-19 pandemic in China. Compared to both college and junior high school students, a greater proportion of senior high school students were found to have less sleep and more delayed sleep times which had a profound effect on their daytime function. Overall, 23.2% of the entire sample reported insomnia symptoms, with junior high students (18%) reporting fewer symptoms than senior high students (25.3%). This study identified several risk factors for insomnia symptoms, including female sex, living in cities and attending senior high school. Additional assessment tools were administered to measure depression and anxiety symptoms, insomnia symptoms and respondents’ social support. 7736 high school student participants completed their online survey which captured respondents’ experience of the impact of the pandemic, knowledge about coronavirus and attitudes towards forecasts of COVID trends. Zhou et al., 2020 aimed to examine the influencing factors and prevalence of insomnia in Chinese adolescents and college students. It may well be that as ‘the new normal’ continues to impose difficulties on families, teachers and children, that the impact of the pandemic is felt at adolescent level also. It is important to note that this study observed adolescents in the first wave of the pandemic, where remote teaching and reduced educational expectation was the norm (as well as increased time at home). Additionally, the young adult groups reported longer sleep onset latency, more nightmares and early morning wakings (whereas the adolescent groups did not report this). When coupled with the biological shift to an earlier chronotype which tends to accompany the transition from adolescence to young adulthood, ( Roenneberg et al., 2004) this may account for the lack of impact noted on daytime sleepiness. The young adult group were likely to have more flexible scheduling pre-pandemic. Additionally, although longer sleep durations were shown across the board, only the adolescent groups reported an improvement in daytime sleepiness (perhaps indicating the noticeable level of pre-pandemic sleep deprivation in this group, as well as the social confirmatory effect of the daily timetable moving later). No differences were revealed between male and female participants (although the study consisted of more female participants).Ĭhanges in sleep habits and sleep durations were shown to be significantly more pronounced in the teenage years (although present across the ages). The participants were grouped into four age ranges (12–14, 15–17, 18–21 and 22–25), and the study revealed significant differences between these age ranges. In early spring 2020, during the first wave of the pandemic, Socarras et al., 2021 surveyed 498 Canadian adolescents and young adults (aged 12–25 years) about the impact of the pandemic on their self-reported sleep quality, duration and scheduling.
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